also known as serotonin, a neurotransmitter

belly

procedure to burn or remove parts of <tissue> <an organ>

destroying cancer cells with heat generated from radio waves

grazes

a swollen area where pus has collected

see seizure, absence

see neurotransmitter

also known as aspirin

stomach acid flowing up into the mouth

resembling acne

excessive growth particularly of the bones of the hands, feet and face caused by too much growth hormone <from the pituitary gland>

<precancerous> abnormal skin growths caused by too much sunlight

<short-lived> <sudden> <short-term>

<heart> conditions such as heart attack and unstable angina <(a type of severe chest pain)> <caused by blocked blood supply to parts of the heart>

see hypersensitivity reaction, acute systemic

fat cells

add-on

a substance <such as aluminium> that increases the effect of the vaccine

Do not use; use simple verbs such as ‘give’ or ‘take’

has <started to> spread

stick together

a substance that attaches to a receptor (target) and triggers an effect

very low level of a type of white blood cell <called granulocytes> <which are important for fighting off infection>

a constant urge to move

excessive alcohol consumption

substances that are naturally found in plants

a substance that causes an allergy

a test to measure a patient’s reaction to a defined dose of an allergen (the substance that they are allergic to)

see rhinitis, allergic

when a patient receives cells, tissues or organs from a donor

hair loss

see pneumonitis, hypersensitivity

able to walk

memory loss

<low levels of red blood cells> <low levels of haemoglobin> <which can cause tiredness and pale skin>

when bone marrow stops producing new blood cells <causing tiredness, lower ability to fight infection and uncontrolled bleeding>

excessive breakdown of red blood cells <causing tiredness and pale skin>

a medicine <which blocks sensation> used to prevent pain and discomfort <during surgery and medical procedures>

see nerve block

a medicine that can be used to prevent pain by making the patient unconscious

a medicine that blocks out sensation to prevent pain in a part of the body <during surgery or other medical procedure>

a doctor specialised in anaesthesia

painkiller

painkilling medicine injected into the spine

see anaphylaxis

sudden, severe allergic reaction <with breathing difficulty, swelling, light-headedness, fast heartbeat, sweating and loss of consciousness>

sudden, severe allergic reaction <with breathing difficulty, swelling, light-headedness, fast heartbeat, sweating and loss of consciousness>

male sex hormone like testosterone

bulging and weakening of blood vessel <wall>

see angina pectoris

sudden pains to the chest, jaw and back, brought on by physical effort and due to problems with the blood flow to the heart

pains to the chest, jaw and back, brought on by physical effort and due to problems with the blood flow to the heart

chest pain caused by interruptions in the heart’s blood supply, that can occur at rest <or without an obvious trigger>

rapid swelling under the skin <in areas such as the face, throat, arms and legs> <which can be life threatening if throat swelling blocks the airway>

growth of new blood vessels

X-rays of blood vessels

a procedure to unblock a narrowed blood vessel <in the heart>

loss of appetite

when ovaries fail to produce eggs

a substance that blocks a receptor (target) and stops other substances attaching to it and triggering an effect

a protein in the blood that helps the body's defences by identifying and attaching to specific foreign substances including germs; [in relation to a side effect] a protein the body produces that attaches to the medicine <and can affect how well treatment

a substance that prevents the blood from clotting

a substance that <prevents> <and> <treats> nausea and vomiting

a specific structure that the body can recognise as 'foreign' and against which it can produce an antibody

a <medicine> <substance> that prevents symptoms of allergy

blood pressure lowering

a substance that can prevent damage from highly reactive molecules called ‘free radicals’

medicines that prevent platelets in the blood from clumping and blocking arteries

a medicine for treating fever

HIV medicine

when a patient cannot make or pass urine

see stenosis, aortic

lack of interest or energy

problems with use of language <including speech, understanding and reading> <because of brain damage>

a procedure where blood is passed through an external device that removes <X> before returning the blood to the body 

interruption of breathing; see sleep apnoea; obstructive sleep apnoea

repeated interruption of breathing during sleep due to airways becoming blocked

frequent interruption of breathing during sleep

the watery fluid in the eye

one of the membranes protecting the spine and the brain

abnormal or irregular heartbeat

reduced blood flow in arteries of the legs and arms

joint pain

pain and inflammation in the joints

damage to the joints

a build-up of fluid in the abdomen

an infection caused by a fungus called Aspergillus

weakness

showing no <symptoms> <effects>

inability to co-ordinate muscle movements

collapse of the whole or part of a lung

a disease in which fatty deposits build up in the arteries <which can cause blockage>

problems caused by blood clots and hardening of the arteries

see seizure, atonic

lack of normal muscle <strength> <movement> <function>

linked to an allergy

see eczema, atopic

see fibrillation, atrial

see flutter, atrial

a type of heart rhythm disorder

wasting away of body tissue or organ

muscle wasting

weakened

see seizure, atypical absence

unusual visual or other sensory experiences

healthy <tissue> <bone> <skin> <….> taken from one part of the patient’s body and grafted in another

a disease caused by the body's own defence system attacking normal tissue

<tissue> <cells> from the patient's own body

death of bone tissue due to interruption of blood supply

cells in the immune system

see B cells

bacteria present in the blood

stops bacteria from multiplying

weakness in the face muscles

enlarged prostate gland <that is not cancerous>

a fluid produced in the liver that helps to break down fats

see cirrhosis, biliary

a breakdown product of red blood cells

see hyperbilirubinaemia

two medicines are bioequivalent when they produce the same levels of the active substance in the body.

A medicine made by cells <grown in a laboratory>

examination of tissue removed from the body <to check for disease>

an exemption from having to show bioequivalence between the medicine and its reference product

inflammation of the eyelid(s)

blood pressure when the heart is between beats <(lower one of the two readings)>

blood pressure when the heart beats <( higher one of the two readings)>

a marker for liver and kidney problems

body mass index <a measure of body weight in relation to height>

Use: calculated using the <patient / child>'s height and weight

full dose injected in one go <over a few seconds>

a measure of how strong the bones are

spongy tissue inside the large bones <where blood cells are produced>

See haematopoietic (blood) stem cell transplantation

slow heart rate

flare-up of pain despite ongoing treatment with painkillers

airways in the lungs

when airways have become weakened and scarred

inflammation of the airways in the lungs

narrowing of the airways <causing breathing difficulty and wheezing>

a medicine that widens the airways in the lungs

excessive <and prolonged> contraction of the airway muscles causing breathing difficulty

<involuntary> teeth grinding

an eating disorder

large blister(s) with pus

blistered

blisters

a marker of inflammation

muscle wasting with significant weight loss

a hormone <produced by the thyroid gland> that helps to control the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood

thrush, a fungal infection <caused by Candida>

a thin tube inserted into <the body><a vein>

a thin tube permanently inserted into a vein

leakage of fluid from blood vessels causing tissue swelling and a drop in blood pressure

shell (of a virus)

symptoms caused by <cancerous> tumours that release substances into the blood <that act on different organs>

a tumour of the endocrine system that produces hormones

a type of cancer

heart

heart stops beating

see arrhythmia

damage to the heart muscle

harm to the heart

affecting the heart and blood circulation

heart and blood vessels

a process that restores the heart's normal rhythm

tough, flexible tissue in joints and other areas such as the nose and ears

surgical or chemical prevention of the effects of male hormones <released by the testes>

help

sudden muscle weakness and collapse caused by a strong emotion or laughter <in people with narcolepsy>

clouding of the lens

a flexible tube inserted into the body

white blood cells that are important in helping to fight infections

inflammation of the deep skin tissue

brain and spinal cord

see central venous line

a tube through the skin into a large vein <used for giving medicines and fluids>

of <cerebrum, a part of> the brain

see oedema, cerebral

fluid that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord

stroke

disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain

cancer of the cervix

twisting and pulling of the neck and head caused by abnormal tightening of neck muscles

the neck of the womb

see coronary heart disease

[explain in text] 'attaches to another chemical to form a 'chelate' that can be removed from the body in the stools'

reduced flow of bile from the liver <because of a blockage>

see hepatitis, cholestatic

the layer below the retina that contains blood vessels

changes in colour perception

when parts of genes are rearranged between two chromosomes

genetic material

long term

see renal failure, chronic

see angina pectoris

around the mouth

<scarring of the liver> <a type of liver disease>

liver damage caused by build-up of bile

clotting

problems with blood clotting

ability to think, learn and remember

inflammation in the large bowel <causing pain and diarrhoea>

solid particles evenly spread in a liquid

lower part of the gut

a procedure to examine the large bowel though a tube with a camera

a cancer that starts in the large bowel and involves the rectum (the lowest part of the gut)

infection that has been caught outside of hospital

see liver disease, compensated

no sign of cancer after treatment

the ability of patients to stick to their treatment

see flu, complicated

see infection, complicated

present at birth

see heart failure, congestive

the membrane that lines the white of the eye and the inside of the eyelid

redness and discomfort in the eye

the tissue that binds and supports the skin and internal organs

narrowing

prevention of pregnancy

a compound that helps make internal body structures easier to see during imaging and medical procedures

bruising

an episode of spasm(s) and reduced consciousness

the transparent layer in front of the eye that covers the pupil and iris

clouding of the cornea

blood vessels that supply the heart muscle

see coronary heart disease

heart disease caused by narrowing or blockage of blood vessels supplying the heart muscle

the spongy tissue of the penis

size of the red blood cells

an enzyme released into the blood when muscle is damaged

see creatine kinase

a breakdown product of muscle <removed by the kidneys>

a sign of <worsening> kidney problems

a measure of how well the kidneys are working

unusual crackling sound

an inflammatory disease affecting the gut

freezing

<crystal> particles in the urine

disorder with signs such as weight gain, fat build-up on the face and bruising caused by too much of <a type of steroid> <corticosteroid> hormone

inflammation of blood vessels in the skin <which may result in a rash or bruising>

skin and lips turning blue <because of a lack of oxygen>

<inflammation> <infection> in the bladder <which can cause pain and discomfort when passing urine>

<life-threatening> condition causing fever, vomiting, shortness of breath, headache and low blood pressure

a viral infection of the retina, which can cause loss of vision

low number of cells in the blood <or tissue>

cell-killing or able to kill <dividing> cells <such as cancer cells>

shed skin and hair

see heart failure, decompensated

see liver disease, decompensated

blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg

confusion

muscle covering the shoulder joint

false beliefs

loss of intellectual function

a neurological disorder characterised by progressive weakness and loss of sensation in the legs and arms

breakdown of the covering around nerve fibres <which can affect brain activity, muscle control and sensations>

a type of injection where the medicine is prepared so that it is absorbed by the body very slowly

inflammation of the skin

see eczema, atopic

the treatment of skin conditions

shedding of the upper layers of the skin

infection that occurs in the feet of people with diabetes

a serious complication of diabetes with high levels of ketones in the blood <include relevant symptoms if needed>

damage to the nerves in the extremities that can occur in people with diabetes

a dangerous condition that can occur in diabetes

technique for removing unwanted substances and excess fluid from the blood <when the kidneys do not work well enough>

type of dialysis <involving circulating fluid into the abdomen and then allowing the fluid to flow out>

excessive sweating

the main breathing muscle under the lungs

see blood pressure, diastolic

see ulcers, digital

widen; expand

double vision

treatment that changes the progress of a <long-term> disease

feeling disconnected from emotions and physical surroundings

swelling

a medicine that increases urine production <and reduces build up of water in the body> <and lowers blood pressure>

a disease affecting the gut

genetic material

see neurotransmitter

inactive

a severe reaction affecting the skin, blood and internal organs

a condition where the blood vessel that allows blood to bypass the baby's lungs before birth fails to close after birth. This causes heart and lung problems in the baby.

inflammation of the duodenum, the part of the gut leading out of the stomach

the part of the gut leading out of the stomach

unpleasant and abnormal feeling when touched

difficulty speaking

taste disturbance

difficulty controlling movement

abnormal levels of fat in the blood

period pains

indigestion

difficulty swallowing

changes in the sound or tone of the voice

presence of abnormal cells <which may become cancerous>

difficulty breathing

involuntary muscle contractions

painful urination

bruise

a diagnostic test where an image of the heart is obtained using ultrasound

a disorder where the lens of the eye is in the wrong position

pregnancy developing outside the womb

itchy, red and dry skin

itchy, red and dry skin in people prone to allergies

1) effectiveness; 2) how well <X><a medicine> works in clinical studies

how much blood is pumped out of the heart in one beat

a test of the heart’s <electrical> activity

salts such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and bicarbonate <in blood and other fluids in the body>

a procedure to block a blood vessel <to stop bleeding or to block the flow of blood to a tumour or abnormal cells>

obstruction of a blood vessel <by a clot>

air or gas bubbles in the blood that obstruct a blood vessel

triggering nausea and vomiting

mood swings

treatment started on current knowledge until better information is available

inflammation of the brain

brain disorder caused by a harmful substance or infection

brain damage caused by liver problems

brain damage caused by high levels of ammonia

infection of the sac around the heart <which can lead to serious heart complications>

1) related to <glands that produce> hormones in the body; 2) hormonal

the lining of the womb

inflammation of the inside the eye <often caused by infections>

a flexible device used to look inside body cavities

a procedure that uses a tube with a camera to look inside the body

when the cells start growing <and producing normal blood cells>

a protein that helps specific chemical processes in the body

therapy in which the patient is provided the enzyme that is lacking

a type of white blood cell

an excess of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell

when a disease spreads to a large number of people in a community, region or country

studies of the causes and distribution of diseases in the population

outer layer of the skin

pain around the upper part of the stomach

upper and middle part of the belly

the growing ends of long bones <which become part of the main bone when growth finishes>

nosebleed

inability to get or keep an erection; impotence

ulcer

belching

reddening of the skin

hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells <by the bone marrow>

[used in cancer trials] how long patients live without <a complication or sign of disease occurring or coming back> <their disease coming back>

flare-up

the ability to carry out physical activity

flaky

a technique to oxygenate the blood outside the body using a device similar to a heart-lung machine

effects on a part of the brain that regulates movement <which may result in tremor, muscle spasms or movement disorders>

when a medicine that is normally injected into a vein leaks or is accidentally injected into the tissue surrounding the vein, where it can cause serious damage

urgent need to open the bowels

runs in the family

formation of numerous growths mainly in the large intestine

high blood cholesterol levels that run in the family

tiredness

feverish

see neutropenia, febrile

a protein that stores iron in the body

the most air a person can breathe out in 1 second

uncoordinated twitching of muscle <fibres>

irregular and uncoordinated contractions of the upper chambers of the heart <caused by problems in the flow of electrical impulses> <which may cause <palpitations> <fast heart beat>>

dangerous, irregular and uncoordinated contractions of the lower chambers of the heart <caused by problems in the flow of electrical impulses> <which can stop the heart working>

dissolves blood clots made out of a substance called fibrin

non-cancerous growths in the womb

tissue scarring and thickening

lung damage with tissue scarring and thickening

tear or crack

abnormal passageway <between the gut and other organs>

worsening of disease

gas

serious effects of flu generally requiring hospital care

reddening of the skin

rapid contractions of the upper chambers of the heart <caused by problems in the flow of electrical impulses> <which causes strain on the heart because the upper and lower chambers are beating at different speeds>

small sacs <in the ovary> that hold the eggs

inflammation of hair follicles

the most air a person can breathe out <in one second>

a measure of how much air the lungs can hold

a sensation of something crawling on or under the skin

see forced vital capacity

decay and death of tissue

when the stomach does not empty properly

inflammation of the stomach lining

disease where stomach acid rises up into the oesophagus

<tablets> <capsules> that can pass through the stomach intact

diarrhoea and vomiting

stomach and gut

inserting a tube through the skin into the stomach; see PEG

see anaesthetic, general

long-term anxiety or nervousness about everyday matters

see seizure, generalised

a substance that is harmful to DNA, the genetic material in cells

damage to the nerve in the eye <usually caused by high pressure in the eye>

damage to the nerve in the eye caused by pressure inside the eye rising rapidly because fluid cannot drain out

see glaucoma, angle-closure

damage to the nerves in the eye caused by high pressure due to clogging of fluid drainage canals

a type of brain tumour that begins in ‘glial’ cells (the cells that surround and support nerve cells)

burning or tingling sensation in or around the mouth

sugar

buttocks

the proportion of haemoglobin in the blood that has glucose attached. HbA1c indicates how well blood glucose is controlled

high levels of uric acid in the blood causing symptoms especially painful inflammation in the joints

when transplanted cells attack the body <because the transplanted tissue or organ regards the patient’s tissue as ‘foreign’ and attacks the body>

wound healing

excessive production of tissue during wound healing

a type of white blood cell

an immune system disorder that causes nerve inflammation <and can result in pain, numbness, muscle weakness and difficulty walking>

abnormal breast enlargement

clumping of red blood cells

<virus> proteins that make red blood cells clump together

<of> <related to> blood

a collection of blood under the skin

a procedure where the patient's bone marrow is <cleared of cells and> replaced <by stem cells> <from a donor> <with the patient's own stem cells> to form new bone marrow <that produces healthy cells>

see stem cells

blood in the urine

procedure for removing waste products from the blood <used in patients with kidney disease> <using a blood filtration machine>

the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body

see anaemia, haemolytic

an inherited bleeding disorder caused by lack of factor VIII

an inherited bleeding disorder caused by lack of factor IX

coughing blood

bleeding

see stroke, haemorrhagic

stopping bleeding

seeing, hearing or feeling things that are not there

rash and numbness on the palms and soles

inflammation of the nasal passages caused by an allergy to pollen

when the heart does not pump blood as well as it should <with shortness of breath, tiredness and ankle swelling>

when the heart does not pump blood as well as it should <with build-up of fluid around the heart> <causing shortness of breath, tiredness and ankle swelling>

when the heart is working less and less well

liver

see encephalopathy, hepatic

inflammation of the liver

build-up of bile leading to inflammation of the liver

enlarged liver

a protein involved in the growth of certain types of breast cancer

viral infection of the mouth (such as cold sores) or the genitals

see shingles

excessive hair <in parts where there is usually very little or no hair>

a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms

an enzyme in the liver that is needed to make cholesterol

see lymphoma

a substance <released by a gland> that circulates in the blood and helps body organs to work in specific ways

treatment that blocks or increases the effects of specific hormones

increased blood flow

red eye

high blood levels of ammonia

see encephalopathy, hyperammonaemic

high blood levels of bilirubin<, a breakdown product of red blood cells, which can cause yellowing of the skin and eyes><, indicating liver problems>

high blood calcium levels

high calcium levels in the urine

excess acid in the blood caused by too much chloride

high blood cholesterol levels

high blood cholesterol levels that have no identifiable cause

high blood glucose levels

coma caused by too much blood glucose

excessive sweating

high blood potassium levels <which can cause tiredness, muscle weakness, feeling sick and heart rhythm disturbances>

high blood levels of lactic acid

high blood levels of fat

high blood sodium levels <which can cause thirst, tiredness, confusion and seizures>

when the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone, which raises calcium levels in the blood <and can lead to bone and muscle pain, dehydration, and fragile bones>

high blood phosphate levels

enlargement of an organ or body tissue <caused by increased cell division>

allergic

allergic reactions

allergic reaction with widespread effects such as shortness of breath, skin rashes and low blood pressure

high blood pressure

raised pressure in the eye

sudden, dangerously high blood pressure

high body temperature

an overactive thyroid gland <which can cause weight loss, nervousness, rapid or irregular heartbeart and tiredness>

muscle tension

high blood levels of triglycerides, a type of fat

see granulation, hypertrophic

excessive growth;
increase in the number or size of cells

high blood levels of uric acid

when the amount of water in the body is higher than normal

hearing loss

reduced sensation to touch, pain and temperature

low levels of albumin, a blood protein

low blood calcium levels

low blood glucose levels

low blood potassium levels <which can cause weakness, muscle cramps, tingling and heart rhythm disturbance>

low blood magnesium levels

feeling excited and overactive

low blood sodium levels <which can cause headache, tiredness, fits and coma>

low blood levels of phosphates

incomplete development of an organ or tissue

low blood protein levels

low blood pressure

see hypotension, postural

feeling dizzy or lightheaded on standing or sitting up because of a drop in blood pressure

a region of the brain

an underactive thyroid gland <with tiredness, weight gain, and skin and hair changes>

reduced muscle strength or tone

lack of oxygen in body tissues

see jaundice

the cause of the disease is unknown

a disease in which people do not have enough platelets and are at high risk of bleeding

last part of the small intestine

loss of movement in bowel muscles

a tablet that releases the active substance immediately

see immune reconstitution syndrome

see immune reconstitution syndrome

when the recovering immune system starts fighting off hidden infection, causing inflammation and damage to healthy tissue <such as the liver and thyroid gland>

the body's natural defences

protection

person with an immune system that works normally

person with a weakened immune system

when body defences are reduced from birth

the ability to make the immune system respond to the <viruses/bacteria etc.>; [in studies] the ability of X to trigger the production of antibodies

antibodies; see antibody

triggering of the body’s defences against <an organism or a foreign substance>

a substance that changes the activity of the body’s defences

a medicine that reduces the activity of the immune system

reduces the activity of the immune system

medicines that stimulate the immune system <to kill the cancer cells>

a skin infection causing crusting scabs

see vaccine, inactivated

the number of people who get the <disease/condition/illness> every <year>

lack of control over passing <urine><stools>

accidental leaks of urine caused by sudden pressure on the bladder <brought on, for example, by coughing, laughing, lifting and exercising>

see urinary urgency

slow-growing (cancer)

hardening <at the injection site>

see cannula, indwelling intravenous

infection that is difficult to treat because it has spread within the body or because the patient has other conditions

nose and throat infection

Infection of the parts of the body that collect and pass out urine

flu

drip

difficulty sleeping

insomnia with no identified cause <including medical, mental or environmental causes>

see lung disease, interstitial

infections within the abdomen (belly)

within the skull <in or around the brain>

<within><into> the skin

into a muscle

into the eye

analgesic, intraspinal

into the spinal canal <into the fluid surrounding the spinal cord>

into a vein

inserted into the vitreous humour, the jelly-like fluid in the eye

insertion of a breathing tube through the nose or the mouth

when part of the bowel becomes enfolded within another part of the bowel, leading to a blockage

disease <that has spread> <capable of spreading> to other parts of the body

a medical procedure that may involve piercing or cutting into the body or inserting instruments

charged particles

an excess of iron in the body

reduced blood supply

see coronary heart disease

see stroke, ischaemic

yellowing of the skin and eyes

a type of cancer affecting the skin

inflammation of the cornea

dry eyes

damage to the cornea, the transparent layer of the eye

a dangerous condition with high blood levels of ketones <that can make blood more acidic>

cuts

watery eyes

a marker for tissue damage

a build-up of lactic acid in the body

voice box

medicines that treat constipation

body weight excluding fat

injury; abnormality

lack of energy

white blood cells

high levels of white blood cells

low levels of white blood cells

cancer of the white blood cells

arm or leg

fats

loss of fat below the skin <that can change body shape>

changes in the distribution of body fat

when the liver is damaged but is still able to work <adequately>

when the liver is damaged and can no longer work adequately

problems with the liver

see anaesthetic, local

see QT<c> prolongation

‘bad’ cholesterol

infection of the lungs such as bronchitis or pneumonia

inserting a needle into the lower spine <to test for> <to treat> conditions affecting the spinal cord and brain>

one of the bones in the lower part of the spine

disorders causing scarring in the lungs

the hormone that triggers the release of eggs during the menstrual cycle

enlarged lymph nodes, or 'swollen glands'

a network of vessels that transport fluid from tissues through the lymph nodes and into the bloodstream

collection of lymph fluid usually in the lower belly

a type of white blood cell

cancer of lymphocytes, white blood cells involved in the body’s defences

low levels of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell

medicine <or food> that has been dried <by freeze drying>

cell death

enlargement of red blood cells

a type of white blood cell

the central part of the retina at the back of the eye

see oedema, macular

technique for detailed scanning of internal organs <using magnetic fields>

<continuing> <ongoing> <subsequent>

poor absorption of nutrients from the digestive system

feeling generally unwell

cancerous

mental disorder with extreme excitement and overactivity

periods of extremely high mood

an aggressive cancer of a type of white blood cell called B lymphocytes

a type of skin cancer affecting cells called melanocytes

inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

breakdown products in the body; the substances that <a food> <a medicine> <a chemical> is broken down into

cancer that has spread from another part of the body

has spread to other parts of the body

too much of an abnormal haemoglobin that cannot carry oxygen effectively

when very few cancer cells remain in the body after treatment

the energy-producing components within cells

an antibody (a type of protein) designed to recognise and attach to <named antigen> <a specific target>

used on its own

death rate

containing mucus and pus

see mucous membranes

inflammation of the moist body surfaces

inflammation of the lining in the mouth <ranging from soreness and redness to severe ulceration>

moist body surfaces, such as the lining of the mouth

a thick bodily fluid for lubrication and protection

a cancer of the bone marrow

a disease of the brain and spinal cord in which inflammation destroys the protective covering around nerves and damages the nerves

gradual start of multiple sclerosis with steady worsening of the disease

when the disease causes multiple sclerosis attacks (relapses) followed by periods with milder symptoms (remission)

when relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis steadily worsens without any improvement

medicines used to relax muscles <including muscles that help the patient to breathe>

see atrophy, muscular

relating to the muscles and bones

changed

muscle pain

a disease causing muscle weakness

protective covering of nerves

treatments that destroy the bone marrow

when the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells or platelets

of <in> bone marrow

<a slow-growing cancer with> production of too many blood cells of a particular type <that can cause blockages>

a condition in which the bone marrow cannot make enough blood cells

heart attack <because of blockage in blood supply to a part of the heart>

inflammation of heart muscle

see seizure, myoclonic

muscle disease causing weakness

near-sightedness or short-sightedness

abnormal bone growth in the muscle

<mole> <visible area of skin damage>

patients who have not been treated before

a small antibody

a sleep disorder that causes a person to fall asleep suddenly and unexpectedly

see glaucoma, angle-closure

a blocked nose

growths in the lining of the nose

a tube through the nose to the stomach

inflammation of the nose and throat

feeling sick

device to produce a mist <of the medicine> for the patient to breathe in <through a mask or mouthpiece>

death of cells or tissue

preliminary treatment to shrink the <cancer> <tumour>

newborn baby

doctor specialising in treating newborn babies

cancerous or non-cancerous growths

kidney inflammation

kidney stones

procedure to block sensation to a part of the body

nerve pain

long-lasting nerve burning pain that may occur after shingles

a dangerous reaction with fever, rigid muscles, changing blood pressure and coma, usually caused by antipsychotic medicines

relating to the brain or nerves

see pain, neuropathic

see ulcer, neuropathic

nerve damage

nerve damage in arms and legs <causing pain or numbness, burning and tingling>

nerve damage causing difficulty with movement

nerve damage affecting sensation of pain, temperature and touch

disorders of the brain and nerves resulting in altered thinking or behaviour

surgery on the nervous system, including the brain

a substance that nerve cells use to communicate with neighbouring cells

low levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell <that fights infection>

low levels of white blood cells with fever <due to infection>

with low levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell

see neutropenia, febrile

a type of white blood cell <that fights infection>

need to pass urine at night

see lymphoma

laboratory studies

<infection> <disease> picked up in hospital

being very overweight

studies looking at the effects of medicines as they are used by patients in a real-life setting

see apnoea, obstructive sleep

of eye

see hyperaemia, ocular

see hypertension, ocular

swelling; fluid retention

swelling in the brain

swelling in the macula, the central part of the retina at the back of the eye

puffy eyes

swelling especially of the ankles and feet <due to fluid retention>

<gullet> <foodpipe> <tube that leads from the mouth to the stomach>

see stenosis

inflammation of the foodpipe

the tube that leads from the mouth to the stomach

a female sex hormone

where the cancer cells do not have receptors for the hormone oestrogen on their surface

where the cancer cells have receptors for the hormone oestrogen on their surface

rarely produces eggs

low urine output

cancer specialist

clouding

see glaucoma, open-angle

eye specialist

a <painkiller><medicine> that is related to morphine

infections seen in patients with a weakened immune system

the nerve that sends signals from the eye to the brain

see mucositis, oral

that dissolves in the mouth

mouth and throat

a medicine used in rare diseases

relating to the bones

on standing or sitting up

see hypotension, postural

bone formation

swelling and pain in the joints

bone-forming cells

cells that are involved in breaking down the bone tissue

a condition in which bones become soft and deformed

bone infection

death of bone tissue

reduction in bone strength

a disease that makes bones fragile

infection of the middle ear

a protein in egg white

sacs of fluid within the ovaries

when the ovaries over-respond to treatment <causing nausea, weight gain and diarrhoea>

fertility treatment where the ovaries are stimulated to release more eggs

[used in cancer trials] percentage of patients who have either no sign of cancer or <shrinkage of the tumour><a decrease in the extent of the cancer> after treatment

[used in cancer trials] how long patients live

the release of eggs <during the menstrual cycle>

a measure of oxygen levels in the blood

doctor specialised in the treatment of children

a disease involving bone destruction and regrowth, which causes deformity

pain due to nerve damage

relieving symptoms

treatment of the symptoms of a disease that is not intended to lead to cure

see hand foot syndrome

a forceful heartbeat that may be rapid or irregular

paralysis with weakness and shaking

inflammation of the pancreas <causing severe pain in the belly and back>

<low levels of blood cells> / <low levels of all types of blood cells <including platelets>>

when a disease spreads to a large number of people in many countries worldwide

viruses that cause warts and abnormal tissue growth

sensations like numbness, tingling, pins and needles

glands that secrete the hormone that controls blood calcium levels

effects similar to Parkinson’s disease such as shaking, muscle stiffness and slow movement

a progressive brain disease that causes shaking and muscle stiffness and slows movement

nail bed infection

[used in cancer trials] <shrinkage of the tumour><decrease in the extent of the cancer> after treatment

see seizure, partial<-onset> <with <or without> secondary generalisation>

see ductus arteriosus, patent

[used in cancer trials] report directly from the patient of how well they are doing

the equivalent of one patient taking the medicine for one year

the maximum speed a person can breathe out

arteries that supply blood to the feet

a feeding tube inserted through the skin into the stomach; see gastrostomy

attached to a chemical called polyethylene glycol

tiny fatty spheres that are <coated with> <attached to> a chemical called polyethylene glycol

lower abdominal

a type of infection of the upper part of the female genital tract

ulcers in the stomach or the duodenum

a short chain of amino acids

a procedure that unblocks blood vessels of the heart to restore its blood supply

see PEG

surgical procedure that is used to unblock narrowed coronary arteries

occurs throughout the year

a rating of how well a patient is

blood circulation <through an organ>

disease of the membrane around the heart

inflammation of the membrane around the heart

infections around the eyes

see oedema, periorbital

see artery disease, peripheral

see neuropathy, peripheral motor

see neuropathy, peripheral

see oedema, peripheral

The area of the belly that contains the intestines

see dialysis, peritoneal

the membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal (belly) cavity

whooping cough

tiny blood spots under the skin

a tumour of the adrenal gland

specialised ‘scavenger’ cells of the immune system

a medicine’s effects in the body

how a medicine is absorbed, modified and removed from the body

sore throat

when some of the patient's genes have rearranged themselves to form a special chromosome called the Philadelphia chromosome.

inflammation of a vein

removal of some of the blood from the body

a temporary brightness in the field of vision

treatment in which a medicine is ‘switched on’ by <a special type of> light

abnormal sensitivity of the eyes to light

flashes of light in the field of vision

a medicine ‘switched on’ by <a special type of> light <and used for photodynamic therapy>

sunburn-like reactions (following exposure to light)

colouring of the skin, hair and eyes

a gland <at the base of the brain> that controls many other hormone-producing glands in the body

dummy treatment

see psoriasis

the liquid part of the blood; the part of the blood left when the blood cells are removed

a procedure to remove <unwanted> <substances> <antibodies> from plasma (the liquid part of the blood) <by replacing the patient’s plasma with plasma from a donor>

see plasma exchange

an enzyme that breaks up clots <and helps restore the normal blood flow to the heart>

platelets clumping together <which can lead to a blood clot>

components that help the blood to clot

fluid around the lungs

a type of chest pain

infection of the lungs

inflammation in the lungs <causing shortness of breath and cough>

inflammation in the lungs due to an allergy <causing shortness of breath and cough>

polio

abnormally frequent urination

increase in urine production

an inability to break down chemicals called porphyrins

vein leading to the liver

see neuralgia, post-herpetic

brain swelling with <usually temporary effects such as> headache, changes in vision, reduced consciousness and seizures

women who have been through the menopause

after childbirth

see hypotension, postural

abnormal cells that could develop into cancer

laboratory studies

before meals

see posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

premature

the number of people with the disease

see hypercholesterolaemia, primary

see immunodeficiency disorder, primary

see insomnia, primary

anal pain

a medicine that is converted to an active form in the body

[used in cancer trials] getting worse

[used in cancer trials] how long patients live without their disease getting worse

a rare but serious <viral> brain infection <with symptoms similar to those of a multiple sclerosis attack>

the active substance is released slowly <from the tablet> over a few <weeks/ days/hours> <after being injected>

prevention

gland that produces fluid that nourishes and carries sperm

a system within cells that breaks down proteins when they are no longer needed

excess protein in the urine

itching

<a> <an inflammatory> disease causing red, scaly patches on the skin

a disease, causing inflammation in the joints in combination with psoriasis

restlessness

altered sense of reality

high blood pressure in <the arteries of> the lungs

the blood vessel that leads from the heart to the lungs

clot in a blood vessel in the lungs <which can cause chest pain, breathlessness and fainting>

see fibrosis, pulmonary

a small <area of damage> <lump> in the lungs

spots of inflammation in the cornea

a condition in which no red blood cells are produced

purple patches like bruising

blisters

kidney infection

fever

A measure of the heart’s electrical activity

abnormal electrical activity of the heart that affects its rhythm

see ablation, radiofrequency

where a radioactive tag is attached to a substance

treatment with radiation

severe narrowing of blood vessels in the cold <with skin turning white or blue>

target

the lowest part of the gut <that stores faeces>

when <symptoms/the disease> come(s) back <after treatment>

<has come back/keeps coming back> <after previous treatment>

when treatment does not work

ongoing collection of information about <a specific group of> patients affected by a particular condition

when <symptoms/the disease> come(s) back <after treatment>

[used in cancer trials] how long patients live without their disease coming back

see multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting

a period without disease symptoms after treatment

kidney

inability of the kidneys to work properly

long-term, progressive decrease in the kidneys’ ability to work properly

reduced kidney function

when treatment does not work

when breathing is too slow and shallow

inability of the lungs <to work properly><to take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide properly>

difficulty breathing

lungs and airways

blocked airways

Infection of the airways

improvement related to treatment

[used in cancer trials] percentage of patients who improve <on treatment>

a disorder where the patient has uncontrollable urges to move the legs to stop uncomfortable, painful or odd sensations, usually at night

low levels of reticulocytes, a type of immature red blood cell

the light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye

damage to the retina

restoration of blood flow

an enzyme produced by <virus> that allows it to infect cells in the body and make more viruses

breakdown of muscles often leading to kidney damage

a disease with painful swelling and damage of joints <caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy cells>

stuffy and runny nose

stuffy and runny nose <with inflammation> caused by an allergy <e.g., hay fever or dust-mite allergy>

runny nose

the parts of the cell that produce proteins

shaking chills

genetic material <instructions for producing proteins>

a virus that causes gastroenteritis

German measles

rapid eye movements

hardening of the skin and connective tissue around internal organs

see scleroderma

inflammation of the eyes caused by pollen in patients with hay fever

hay fever

see multiple sclerosis, secondary progressive

<calming effect> <induce sleepiness>

use seizure; do not use fit

a type of seizure during which a person has a blank stare but is partly aware of surroundings

brief loss of muscle control and reduced consciousness

a type of seizure during which a person has a blank stare <possibly losing awareness of surroundings>

seizure affecting most or all of the brain

short, shock-like jerks of a muscle or group of muscles

epileptic seizure starting in one specific part of the brain. <Secondary generalisation is when the seizure subsequently spreads to the whole brain>

brief seizure with muscle contraction

a type of seizure that often involves the patient falling to the floor

major seizure, including loss of consciousness

when a condition is treatable by a <medicine> <group of medicines>

a measure of how well a test can detect those who have a <disease> <condition>

see neuropathy, sensory

<when bacteria and their toxins circulate in the blood leading to organ damage><blood poisoning>

a dangerous drop in blood pressure caused by severe infection

blood poisoning

development of antibodies <(proteins in the body’s defence system)> against a specific target

allergic reaction to injected proteins <and blood products> <with fever, rash, joint pain, digestive system problems and headache>

a painful, blistering rash in one part of the body

a steep fall in blood pressure

the 'pacemaker' for the heart that controls the heart contractions and regulates heart rate

normal heartbeat

air-filled passageways in the bones around the nose and eyes

inflammation of the sinuses

see apnoea, sleep

the length of time taken to fall asleep

an instrument used by eye specialists to look into the eye

tissues just below the skin

sleepiness

continuously stiffened muscles

a measure of how well a test can distinguish people with a condition from those who don’t have it

enlarged spleen

phlegm

an abnormal reading on the electrocardiogram (ECG)

see angina pectoris

treatment that medical experts consider most appropriate

the standard type of medicine used to reduce cholesterol

an epileptic seizure, or series of seizures, lasting longer than 5 minutes

see haematopoietic (blood) stem cell transplantation

cells that can develop into different types of (blood) cells

narrowing of a <body passage> <blood vessel>

narrowing of the aorta

a short tube placed in an artery to prevent it closing up

use corticosteroid

life-threatening reaction with flu-like symptoms and painful rash affecting the skin, mouth, eyes and genitals

inflammation of the lining of the mouth

see incontinence, stress

sudden interruption of blood flow in the brain which can cause paralysis and unconsciousness

stroke <(sudden interruption of blood flow in the brain)> caused by bleeding in a part of the brain

stroke <(sudden interruption of blood flow in the brain)> caused by blocked blood supply to a part of the brain

injection under the skin

under the skin

a tablet that is placed under the tongue where it dissolves

treatment to prevent or relieve the symptoms of the disease <but not specific treatment against the disease>

a substance lining the airsacs which allows gases to pass easily between the lung and blood

[used in cancer trials] percentage of patients who live for a specific period <after diagnosis or treatment>

[used in cancer trials] how long patients live

a liquid with solid particles in it

stitched

fainting

side effects that can affect anywhere in the body

a condition in which the body’s defence system attacks normal tissue causing symptoms such as swollen joints, tiredness and rashes

treatment with <a> medicine<s> given <by mouth> <or> <by injection>

see blood pressure, systolic

cells in the immune system

see T cells

rapid heartbeat

rapid breathing

reducing the dose gradually

uncontrolled movements of the face and jaw

inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

a substance that can cause birth defects in the unborn baby

ability to cause birth defects

short description

a protein involved in blood clotting

low levels of blood platelets <which can lead to bleeding and bruising>

formation of blood clots in small blood vessels, lowering the level of platelets and causing purple spots on the skin

problems due to the formation of blood clots in the blood vessels

dissolves blood clots

inflammation in a vein leading to a blood clot <and blockage>

formation of blood clots in the blood vessels

problems due to the formation of blood clots in the blood vessels

a gland <in the chest> that prepares <cells> <lymphocytes> to help the body’s defences

shin bone

[used in cancer trials] the time until the disease started worsening <again>

[used in cancer trials] the time until the treatment stopped working

ringing or buzzing in the ears

see seizure, tonic

see seizure, tonic-atonic

see seizure, tonic-clonic

infection of the tonsils

deposits of uric acid crystals in joints, skin or cartilage <which can cause damage>

on the skin

abnormal electrical activity in the heart with life-threatening rhythm disturbance

see cervical dystonia

life-threatening reaction with flu-like effects and blistering in the skin, mouth, eyes and genitals

a harmful substance produced by infectious organisms

an inactivated toxin

windpipe

patch to give <a medicine> <medicines> through the skin

when the immune system attacks the transplanted organ

<severe> injury

<had been> treated for <disease> before

<had> never <been> treated for <disease>

shaking

a type of fat

contraction of the jaw muscles that hold the mouth shut

a side effect that is similar to worsening of the cancer<, symptoms may include painful and swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen, slight fever, bone pain and skin rash>

a serious <side effect> <complication> with rapid break down of cancer cells <causing high levels of uric acid, potassium and phosphate>

open sore

open sore caused by a nerve problem

inflammation of the large intestine causing ulceration and bleeding

sores on the fingers and toes

cannot be removed by surgery

an overactive bladder, when the bladder muscles contract suddenly

see infection, upper respiratory tract

the tube that leads from the bladder to the outside <of the body>

see urinary urgency

sudden urge to pass urine

high blood levels of uric acid

inability to completely empty the bladder

structures that carry urine <such as the bladder>

see infection, urinary tract

sudden urge to pass urine <with urine leakage>

itchy rash

womb

inflammation of the uvea, the layer beneath the white of the eyeball

a vaccine that uses an organism that has been killed

a vaccine that uses a weakened form of the organism

a vaccine that contains a molecule called mRNA which has instructions for making a foreign protein, triggering an immune response inside the body and protecting from infection

chickenpox

swollen <and knotted> veins

<affecting> <of> blood vessels

inflammation of blood vessels

when blood vessels become blocked by abnormal red blood cells, restricting the flow of blood to an organ

a substance that narrows blood vessels

widening of the blood vessels

medicines that increase blood pressure

a machine that helps a patient to breathe

one of the two lower chambers of the heart <that pumps blood into the circulation>

see fibrillation, ventricular

(of the) spine

a spinning sensation

small blister

the amount of virus found in the blood

a virus that has been altered so that it can carry genetic material into cells

sharpness of vision

small, dark shapes moving in the field of vision

reduced amounts of fluids in the body