Advice on impacts of using antimicrobials in animals

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is involved in monitoring and evaluating the risks of using antibiotics in animals. It has looked in particular at the risk of the development of antimicrobial resistance in animals and of the possible transmission of resistance to humans.

EMA is supporting the European Commission's One Health Action Plan against Antimicrobial Resistance.

The European Commission requested scientific advice from EMA in April 2013 on the impact on public health and animal health of using antibiotics in animals and measures to manage the possible risk to humans. The request was structured in the form of four questions:

European Commission request for advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals

Also on this topic

• Reducing the use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry

Use of 'old' antibiotics

The Commission's first question concerned the use in animals of 'old' antibiotics or new antibiotics belonging to 'old' classes of antibiotics that have been re-introduced or newly used to treat multidrug-resistant infections, with a particular focus on colistin and tigecycline, two antibiotics that have become life-saving treatments for patients infected by multidrug-resistant bacteria.

In response, EMA's Antimicrobial Advice Ad Hoc Expert Group (AMEG) concluded that:

• maintaining the use of colistin in animals was appropriate, with additional monitoring of off-label use and restrictions on indications to therapy or metaphylaxis and removing all indications for prophylactic use in order to minimise any potential risk associated with a broader use;
• glycylcycline use in animals should remain restricted, due to evidence from human use that tigecycline resistance emerges rapidly.

For more information, see:

Answer to the first request from the European Commission for scientific advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals

Reference Number: EMA/363834/2013 Summary:

On 15 February 2013 the European Commission submitted to the European Medicines Agency a request for advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals.

Use of colistin products in animals within the European Union: development of resistance and possible impact on human and animal health (superseded)

Reference Number: EMA/755938/2012

Use of glycylcyclines in animals in the European Union: development of resistance and possible impact on human and animal health

Reference Number: EMA/291760/2013

Revised advice on colistin

In 2016 AMEG revised its 2013 advice on the use of colistin in animals on request of the European Commission, following the discovery of a gene (called mcr-1) that causes bacteria to become resistant to colistin.

The updated recommendation advises that:

• European Union (EU) Member States should minimise sales of colistin for use in animals, to achieve a 65% reduction in EU-wide sales;
• colistin be added to a more critical category of medicines, reserved for treating clinical conditions for which there are no effective alternative treatments.

EMA published its updated advice in July 2016, after the CVMP and CHMP endorsed the AMEG opinion. This advice took account of a public consultation and an open call for scientific data.

For more information, see:

Updated advice on the use of colistin products in animals within the European Union: development of resistance and possible impact on human and animal health

Adopted Reference Number: EMA/CVMP/CHMP/231573/2016 Summary:

Colistin is an antibacterial agent of the polymyxin class. Following the discovery of a new colistin horizontally transferable resistance mechanism (MCR-1), the European Commission (EC) requested the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to update the previous advice on the impact of and need for colistin use for human and animal health (EMA, 2013). This updated advice provides an analysis of the colistin toxicity, susceptibility testing, activity and resistance mechanisms, risk profile (based upon the consumption patterns and epidemiology), and risk management options.

Overview of comments received on 'Updated advice on the use of colistin products in animals within the European Union: development of resistance and possible impact on human and animal health' (EMA/231573/2016)

Reference Number: EMA/CVMP/CHMP/390632/2016 Summary:

Overview of comments received on 'Updated advice on the use of colistin products in animals within the European Union: development of resistance and possible impact on human and animal health' (EMA/231573/2016)

Call for scientific data for the update of advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals (colistin) following the recent discovery of the first mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1)

Reference Number: EMA/103285/2016 Summary:

Call for scientific data for the update of advice

European Commission request for an update of the 2013 advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics (colistin) in animals

Advice on classification, authorisation and risk mitigation

The Commission's second, third and fourth questions concerned:

• the merits or otherwise of classifying antimicrobials considered critically important for humans into different categories with respect to their recommended use in animals;
• the potential impact of authorising new antimicrobials or classes of antimicrobials, for use in animals on the treatment of resistant bacteria in humans;
• risk mitigation measures for antimicrobials that are already authorised for use in veterinary medicine and are considered as critically important for humans.

EMA published its response in December 2014, following endorsement by the CVMP and CHMP and input from a public consultation. EMA's advice included:

• strengthening antimicrobial resistance risk assessment in the evaluation of marketing-authorisation applications for new antimicrobials, particularly if intended for use in food-producing animals;
• improved reporting on 'off label' use in animals of antimicrobials authorised in humans for use against multi-drug resistant infections;
• further risk profiling of certain classes of antibiotics with respect to their use in animals.

For more information, see:

• Initial stakeholder consultation exercise and data sharing

Answers to the requests for scientific advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals

Adopted Consultation dates: 01/08/2014 to 30/09/2014 Reference Number: EMA/381884/2014 Summary:

In April 2013, the European Commission (EC) requested advice from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) on the impact of the use of antibiotics in animals on public and animal health and measures to manage the possible risk to humans. This forms part of EC action plan against the rising threats from antimicrobial resistance.

Overview of comments received on 'Answers to the request for scientific advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals'

Reference Number: EMA/598105/2014

Categorisation of antibiotics and preliminary risk profiling of new antimicrobials

In July 2017, the European Commission requested EMA to update the AMEG categorisation of antibiotics and to further elaborate on the proposed preliminary risk profiling of new antimicrobials (previously known as 'early hazard characterisation').

• Request for an update of the advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals (categorisation of antimicrobials and early hazard characterisation)

On 28 January 2020, EMA published the updated AMEG categorisation of antibiotics. The updated categorisation includes new classes of antibiotics and takes account of the need to use antibiotics in animals versus the risk of antimicrobial resistance to public health.

In September 2025, the AMEG categorisation of antibiotics was adjusted to align with the list of antimicrobials reserved for human use adopted under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1255.

Categorisation of antibiotics in the European Union - Answer to the request from the European Commission for updating the scientific advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals

Adopted Reference Number: EMA/CVMP/CHMP/682198/2017 Rev.1

There are four categories of antibiotics:

• category A ('Avoid') includes antibiotics currently not authorised for veterinary use. These medicines cannot be used in food-producing animals and should only be given to pets under exceptional circumstances;
• category B ('Restrict') refers to quinolones, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and polymyxins. These are critically important in human medicine and their use in animals should be restricted;
• category C ('Caution') covers antibiotics for which alternatives for human use generally exist, but only few alternatives are available in certain veterinary indications. They should only be used when there are no suitable antibiotics in category D;
• category D ('Prudence') covers antibiotics that may be used in animals in a prudent manner. Group treatment should be restricted to situations where individual treatment is not feasible.

Infographic

An infographic provides a table displaying all available classes of antibiotics in their corresponding risk categories aims to support veterinarians in their choice of antibiotic. 

In September 2025, the infographic was adjusted along with the AMEG categorisation of antibiotics to align with the list of antimicrobials reserved for human use adopted under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1255. 

Infographic - Categorisation of antibiotics for use in animals for prudent and responsible use

The updated categorisation takes account of a public consultation.

For more information see:

• Overview of comments received on 'Answer to the request from the EC for updating the scientific advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals - Preliminary risk profiling for new antimicrobial vet products

Other related information:

• Divergent position on the 'Categorisation of antibiotics in the European Union - Answer to the request from the European Commission for updating the scientific advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals'
• Webinar on EMA’s categorisation of antibiotics used in animals (23/06/2021)

Preliminary risk profiling occurs at an early stage in the development of new antimicrobial veterinary medicines and considers the risk to public health of antimicrobial resistance and the need to implement risk management measures.

On 10 July 2019, EMA published the finalised Answer to the request from the European Commission for updating the scientific advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals - Preliminary risk profiling for new antimicrobial veterinary medicinal products following a public consultation.

For an overview of the comments received during the public consultation, see:

Overview of comments received on 'Answer to the request from the EC for updating the scientific advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals - Preliminary risk profiling for new antimicrobial vet products

Adopted Reference Number: EMA/CVMP/CHMP/201533/2019

Related information materials

Infographic - Categorisation of antibiotics for use in animals for prudent and responsible use